Development Ĭhromaffin cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest, and are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Recent research indicates that the adrenal medulla may receive input from higher-order cognitive centers in the prefrontal cortex as well as the sensory and motor cortices, providing credence to the idea that there are psychosomatic illnesses. The adrenal medulla affects energy availability, heart rate, and basal metabolic rate.

These adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the central nervous system. These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine, in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex.

The adrenal medulla ( Latin: medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. In H&E staining the adrenal medulla (on the pointer) stains lighter than the adrenal cortex.

Adrenal medulla stress response